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A starter motors today is typically a permanent-magnet composition or a series-parallel wound direct current electrical motor with a starter solenoid mounted on it. When current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, basically via a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever that pushes out the drive pinion that is positioned on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion utilizing the starter ring gear which is seen on the flywheel of the engine.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, that starts to turn. After the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring within the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by an overrunning clutch. This allows the pinion to transmit drive in only a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular way through the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion continuous to be engaged, like for instance in view of the fact that the driver fails to release the key when the engine starts or if there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged. This causes the pinion to spin independently of its driveshaft.
This above mentioned action prevents the engine from driving the starter. This is actually an essential step since this type of back drive would enable the starter to spin really fast that it can fly apart. Unless modifications were made, the sprag clutch arrangement will stop making use of the starter as a generator if it was used in the hybrid scheme mentioned earlier. Normally a standard starter motor is designed for intermittent use which will preclude it being used as a generator.
The electrical parts are made to be able to function for more or less 30 seconds to prevent overheating. Overheating is caused by a slow dissipation of heat is due to ohmic losses. The electrical parts are meant to save weight and cost. This is really the reason most owner's guidebooks meant for automobiles recommend the driver to stop for a minimum of ten seconds right after each and every ten or fifteen seconds of cranking the engine, whenever trying to start an engine that does not turn over at once.
In the early part of the 1960s, this overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased onto the market. Prior to that time, a Bendix drive was used. The Bendix system works by placing the starter drive pinion on a helically cut driveshaft. Once the starter motor starts spinning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, hence engaging with the ring gear. Once the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear enables the pinion to go beyond the rotating speed of the starter. At this point, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and therefore out of mesh with the ring gear.
During the 1930s, an intermediate development between the Bendix drive was made. The overrunning-clutch design that was developed and launched in the 1960s was the Bendix Folo-Thru drive. The Folo-Thru drive consists of a latching mechanism together with a set of flyweights inside the body of the drive unit. This was better since the standard Bendix drive utilized to disengage from the ring when the engine fired, even if it did not stay functioning.
The drive unit if force forward by inertia on the helical shaft as soon as the starter motor is engaged and begins turning. After that the starter motor becomes latched into the engaged position. Once the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is achieved by the starter motor itself, for example it is backdriven by the running engine, and afterward the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and enables the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, hence unwanted starter disengagement could be prevented prior to a successful engine start.
